2 factor authentication

See if anything here helps.  If necessary, you can use account recovery as explained in the link at bottom of the article.

Verification code - how to get one and sign in with two-factor authentication.   

Hi! Do you still have the SIM card of your trusted number?

If yes, you can insert the SIM card to your new phone. Then, setup the mew phone without an Apple ID. Once done, you can sign in your apple id through settings and you should be able to receive the verification code.

To setup the phone, once you're on Apps & Data screen, choose Don't transfer any apps. Then, tap "Forgot password or don't have an Apple ID" and there's an option to setup later in Settings.

If you don't have the SIM card anymore, you can either request to your carrier to get a SIM card with the same number of the trusted number then do the steps above. Or, request for account recovery.