Make sure your Apple menu -> System Preferences -> Networking -> port selected that is active -> Advanced -> Proxies has the settings recommended by your institution when you are on VPN.
Make sure you use only the VPN recommended by your institution.
If there is no VPN, and you are not using the internet service provider's own modem for network connectivity, try to connect directly to the modem and see if the wireless or wired router is not configured correctly on its firewall.
Don't use third party firewall software.
Don't use Symantec Security software, as Broadcom has taken over the software, and added firewall features for that software that don't work with specific corporate and educational environments under Catalina and later systems. In the organization I work with, we had to switch to Carbon Black to avoid issues.