Can someone who had the phone before me sign back into the phone using there Apple ID

It depends upon what you're worried about. If you mean can they read your email or see your contacts (assuming you are not using the Apple account belonging to the previous owner), no. What they could potentially do if the phone was not properly set up for a new user would be to remotely erase the phone and set up activation lock so you can no longer do anything with the iPhone.

Use Lost Mode in Find My iPhone on iCloud.com - https://support.apple.com/guide/icloud/use-lost-mode-mmfc0f0165/icloud

What to do before selling or giving away your iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch "Use these steps to remove your personal information from a device, even if you don't have it anymore." Click here --> https://support.apple.com/HT201351

[or if you received one that had not been erased]