How do I see what exactly this charges for? It seems to be recurring once per year, but I don’t know what it is for

You should have gotten an email receipt sent to your Apple ID email address. In addition, here is a one-stop link for billing questions→Subscriptions and Billing - Official Apple Support. You can review your purchase history to see what you were charged for, cancel subscriptions and request refunds.

Did you follow the instructions to review your Purchase History on your phone?

What says Apple Services on the phone? Can you post a screen shot? Every Apple service in my purchase history states exactly what the purchase was for. for example, AppleCare+, iCloud Storage, the title of any music I downloaded, Apple TV+, etc.

I also had the same question, and found out exactly what apple services I was paying for. Thank you!

But, it only goes back 5 months. Is it possible to go back further?

I also had the same question, and found out exactly what apple services I was paying for. Thank you!

But, it only goes back 5 months. Is it possible to go back further?

It should go back 6 months including the most recent charge, which is the limit on how far back you can request a refund.