Chalk it up to another bug in Numbers. I reported a different date-related SUMIFS bug to Apple nearly 3 years ago. When I reported it 3 years ago I suspected it had to do with the dates being in a format that was not one of the built-in ones for Canada (It was MM/DD/YY which is not one Numbers provides for Canada). This problem of yours expands the breadth of that bug. Your first formula does not work even if the region is US with US-format dates. It is strange that it works right if EOMONTH+DURATION is calculatd in a separate cell versus directly in the formula. I suspect it has something to do with the conditions being strings (due to the "<=" or ">="), not actual date values. It totally flops if you use a date&time format that is not one of the built-in ones for your region, like using MM/DD/YY dates when your region is DD/MM/YY. I have no idea what is going on in the code. Apple needs to fix it.
For the first formula, it works correctly for me if I use "<"&EOMONTH(A1,0)+1 as the condition. I recommend you do that anyway versus using DURATION.
The third formula is giving the correct result, it should not add the last value because it is out of the data range.
I recommend you report the bug to Apple using the menu item Numbers->Provide Numbers Feedback. Reference this thread.