That MBP likely shipped with a set of OS X install DVDs (grey label) that should have stayed with it for life.
Without those, you'll have to rely on another Mac (up to about 2017 model) to properly create a bootable usb macOS installer.
If you have access to another compatible Mac you might try to get your hands on any other external drive and install macOS on that and see if the laptop will boot from it.
If this computer is anything other than a hobby machine, then I recommend you seriously consider replacing it with something newer. The 2010 Mac is long obsolete as is any OS that it can run.