I see none of the telltale signs that would make that single message fraudulent, since it does not require any action on your part to click a link or call a number. When sending Apple Cash to another person, it will be returned to you if that account is locked or the person has not received it in 7 days. You may be able to verify that by looking in your Apple Cash history for transaction status, where you also have the option to cancel transactions as long as they have not been received within those 7 days.
Send and receive money with Apple Cash - Apple Support
I have not seen that particular message and there certainly are scams where the receiver would make false claims such as that to get you to send more money. That is why in the above Support Article, it states to only send Apple Cash to people you know. Take that message as information only and there is no need to do anything further, including sending more money if you do get a follow up message.