How do you retrieve deleted text messages?

If you are using iCloud Syncing for Messages, once you delete a message it's gone.

If you're not using iCloud Syncing and you have a back up that contains the message, you can restore your phone from that back up:

Restore your iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch from a backup - Apple Support

Note that restoring a phone from a back up will overwrite everything currently on the phone.

Retrieve from from a Backup if you have one on iTunes or iCloud

Delete a message or conversation

When you delete a message or conversation, you can't get it back. So make sure that you save important information from your messages.

To delete a message:

1. In a message conversation, touch and hold the message bubble that you want to delete, then tap More.
2. Tap , then tap Delete Message. If you want to delete all messages in the thread, tap Delete All in the upper-left corner. Then tap Delete Conversation.

To delete a single conversation, swipe left over the conversation that you want to delete, tap Delete, then tap Delete again to confirm. To delete more than one conversation, open Messages and tap Edit in the upper-left corner. Then tap the circle next to the conversations and tap Delete in the bottom-right corner.

To keep your messages for a certain amount of time, go to Settings > Messages > Keep Messages. Then select how long you want to keep your messages.

Use Messages on your iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch - Apple Support

https://support.apple.com/en-gb/HT201287