In most cases all transactions in the App Store are final. At times Apple may provide a compassionate refund, but it should never be expected. I have not seen any case where an Apple agent would overturn that decision, but they may offer help by directing you to the link where you can request the refund. It is simply a request and not a guarantee.
I am not sure how Duolingo baited you into paying. When you accept a Free Trial through an in-app purchase managed by Apple, you double click the side button on the Authorization Screen where you see the trial period, Subscription start date, Subscription price, and the VERY important message that says to cancel the free trial a day before the trial ends to avoid the subscription charge. After agreeing to these terms, it is followed by authentication with Face ID/Touch ID or Passcode. There is no additional notification sent and you are responsible for cancelling like you agreed to on the Authorization screen.
DuoLingo does also offer a subscription/free trial on their website and that has nothing to do with a subscription that would be managed by Apple. Cancelling and requesting a refund with a website subscription is done with them directly as that would bypass any means for Apple to do that. It is not clear if this is where your free trial/subscription was started. Subscriptions managed by Apple are cancelled here:
View or cancel app subscriptions on iPhone - Apple Support