Apple ID

Shut down your computer using the power button. Let the computer sit for a few minutes and then restart. See if the same thing happens. If you get another request, Force Quit System Preferences using command - option/alt - esc or go to the menu and select Force Quit.

Are you running any anti - virus programs? Using a VPN?

If you get another request, try booting into the Safe Mode, and see if you can enter the information there.

Safe Mode - About.     

This is a scam. See How a Gmail password stealing scam works https://us.norton.com/internetsecurity-emerging-threats-how-a-gmail-password-stealing-scam-works.html

Did you provide any potentially damaging information to anyone? If yes, you'll need to follow up, for example, with a credit card company, Apple, your bank, etc.

If you gave you Apple ID password to a scammer, then

Change your Apple ID password https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201355

Here is What to do [before] or after you change your Apple ID or password https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204071

Increase/learn about security

See If you think your Apple ID has been compromised https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204145

Increase the Security of your Apple ID https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201303

iCloud security overview  https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT202303

Ways to keep your information safe on Mac https://support.apple.com/en-gb/guide/mac-help/mh11402/mac

Information on Phishing, etc.

 See If you see apple.com/bill, itunes.com/bill, or an unfamiliar charge on your statement https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201382

See Identify legitimate emails from the App Store or iTunes Store https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201679

See How to avoid scams when using Apple Pay to send and receive money https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT208226

For scam related information from Apple including reporting scams to Apple see Avoid phishing emails, fake 'virus' alerts, phony support calls, and other scams https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204759

You are welcome.